为什么常年被谎言侵蚀的中国人反而不关心真相

(泡泡特约)一个多月前,一位老媒体人与我协商创办一个专门辟谣的自媒体,因为在他的观察后发现,中国网络上的谣言泛滥,有关美国总统选举的相关中文消息多半属纯粹的编造,它利用了大多数人不翻墙、也不了解很多国际媒体间的公信力差异,尤其是不爱思考、缺乏判断力等现实,跨墙群体中正在滋生一种谎言生成器,目的只是为扩大影响力。

然而我并不认为,这种方法能起到多大的作用。

Post-truth politics(后真相政治)这个词近日刷遍了twitter英文圈,对媒体问题的分析是美国总统选举后舆论界突出的第一个话题型反思,规模相当大。但,这其中如往常一样基本没有中国关注者的身影。

在过去的一年多里,我写过多篇关于识别假消息的技巧,也分析过“伪真相”的危害,不过似乎很多人还没能掌握那些方法,也没有养成谨慎获取和批判性思考的习惯。

市场化媒体正在日渐迫切的利益追求中沦陷,让每个人都能发言的社交网络也同时成为了谎言最大的舞台。真相并没有消失,但它出现的速度远远赶不上谣言扩散的速度,人们只喜欢听他们爱听的话、只接收那些他们喜欢看到的信息,也正是社交网络的所谓人性化功能,更便捷的帮你筛选出自己的口味,它充分体现了“trust yourself”这句经典鸡汤的力量。

绝大多数社交网络的设计最明显的功能是满足包括偏见在内的很多人类的思维弊端,对错不重要,关键是要你喜欢。记得曾经有一位媒体主编,认为微信朋友圈不如Facebook的原因是“它不能帮你过滤不喜欢的内容”,在他看来,充分满足个人口味是一种便捷的、友好的服务。也曾经有不少微信用户认为微信群不如QQ群,因为没有一个功能可以在群聊中屏蔽掉自己不喜欢的人。或许所以说这位主编的观点在中文网络并不特殊。但是否想到,这正是网络舆论变得更为极化的原因?微信的确不如Facebook,理由千万,但肯定不包括这条。

Post-truth politics恰好就是在这种舆论极化的结果和获取习惯的“最大满足感”的基础上站立起来的。它变成了一种政治文化,也是当今国际出现的一种新趋势。无法不怀疑社交网络的功能设计在某种程度上起了作用。

Post-truth该个词首次出现在塞尔维亚裔剧作家Steve Tesich于1992年发表在《国家》杂志的一篇文章里,在2016年美国总统选举以及此前英国去留欧盟公投事件期间变得普遍。

所谓“后真相”,是对忽视真相、不顾事实的委婉说法。“后真相政治”是“事实胜于雄辩”的颠倒,即“雄辩胜于事实”、意见重于事实、立场决定是非。人们把情感和感觉放在首位,证据、事实和真相沦为次要,政治人物说谎不再是为了瞒骗,而是巩固目标群众的偏见,换取共鸣与支持。这难道不是社交网络的现实版?

戈培尔说,加深人们的偏见比转变人们的思想更容易。

一位互联网研究人士曾很气愤的表示:信息自由是有代价的,享受自由的同时就要承受谎言泛滥的结果。话是没错,我依旧认为,信息自由是培养判断力的基础,面对Post-truth politics,你需要的是更高的判断力、娴熟的批判性思考,而不是单纯指望源头纯净。当然,我们谴责虚假信息永远都是必要的,媒体有捍卫真相的责任,一些与利益有关的病毒正在新闻界蔓延,这是事实,社会自媒体的流量竞争所导致的内容营销和伪装真相有着更为严峻的程度。

后真相政治的一个定义特征,是一些论点会不断地提出,即使这些论点经由媒体或者独立专家发现其存在不实。例如在英国公投期间,支持脱欧的组织The Vote Leave重复地使用“欧盟成员国每周花费3.5亿英镑”的说法,然而因为这个数字忽视了英国退税和其他因素,而使英国统计局(UK Statistics Authority)称之为“潜在的误导”,财政研究所(Institute for Fiscal Studies)则批评其“不明智”,一些如第四台新闻及英国广播公司新闻的媒体也弃之不用。尽管如此,The Vote Leave依然继续使用这些数据,导致英国保守党党员Sarah Wollaston等原本的组织支持者离去,并抗议该组织的“后事实政治”。

Trump的支持者鲁迪·朱利安尼曾在一场演讲中说,美国总统奥巴马上任八年前“没有一单成功的伊斯兰恐怖袭击”在美国发生。然而2001年9月11日的九一一袭击事件正是发生在朱利安尼任职纽约市长期间。德国报章时代周报“Die Zeit”发表评论指出:“任何人都可以轻易出看出他(朱利安尼)在说谎,就算是为他拍掌的人也知道那只是一个谎言,但是他们对此并不在乎。”显然朱利亚尼和他的听众都不重视事实真相,而他的听众明显会“感到一切事情包括恐怖事件自奥巴马上任以来都变得更糟糕了”。

很少有人会试图去探究真伪。人们喜欢听从自己信任的朋友说出一些传言,会关注互联网上不择渠道的“新闻”并深信,且不会仔细思考每一个被呈现出来的“事实”究竟合不合逻辑。谎言能鬼鬼祟祟地穿透人们对劝导所设下的心理防线。人们对符合自己预期的谎言的迷信能持续很长时间,不管他们是深信还是质疑,都会不断去寻求相关支持性线”,将信息“补充完整”,而证实者偏见是最为基础的思维陷阱,它会引诱人们只能看到所谓的证据,而忽略更多更重要的信息。

你应该已经看到,我们提醒警惕了很久的纯粹政治宣传已经在今天穿破了几乎一切智识,变成了某种程度上的真理。直觉型认知的缺陷真的是太强大了。美国杂志TNR发表过一篇关于Trump是不是一个骗子的分析文章,结论认为,特朗普不是骗子,而是一个胡言乱语者(Bullshitter)的人。

文章作者提到了普林斯顿大学哲学系教授哈利·法兰克福对Liar和Bullshitter定义,法兰克福在他的著作《On Bullshit》中指出,Bullshitter会完全无视真理,而Liar却相反且仍然活在一个“谎言和真相之间的区分会起作用”的宇宙中。任何撒谎者都一定会知道真相是什么,然而特朗普则想引领人们进入一个主体感知就是一切、只有他说的话才是现实的世界--“后真相世界”(Post-truth World)。

这就是Trump的可怕之处,也是尽可能满足思维弊端的社交网络功能设计的可怕之处。Trump赢在社交网络的点击经济上,毫不奇怪。

然而,这种路径早已在中国的反对者群体中“涌现”,越来越多的人不在乎事实如何,他们首先考虑的是信息传播后的效应,只要效应正义,无所谓事实和真理。一些人喜欢说,威权政府用骗术获取的权力,“我们为什么不能反着骗回去”?毕竟情绪和直觉永远是取信与否的关键因素,“只有更为强大的骗术才能抵制骗术”……但真的是这样吗?谣言是最容易被权力利用的东西,而结束威权体制并不是我们的最终目的,建立一个相对稳定的民主体制才是。民主是需要信任来维护的,而谎言只能制造下一个威权。

中文消息是后真相最为泛滥的地区,更特殊的是它还有一个所谓的“前真相”,那就是审查、党政府把持了对“真伪”的最终解释权。一位中国网友表示:真相是特权,没有传达到你这一级,你说出真相就是造谣,轻则删贴,重则跨省……他说的没错,但这是恐惧,而不是人们陷入沉默和不再追求真相的理由。

人权观察组织欧洲媒体总监Andrew Stroehlein在twitter问外国人:基于美国目前的状况,你们想给美国人一些什么建议?我说,永远不要习惯于错误,哪怕它再强大,否则你将沦陷,再也看不到光明。中国人已经被以忍耐为美德的文化毁掉了。

强权消灭了真相,但中国人绝非不需要真相,如果你真的想要自由和尊严就必须认识到这点。挽回真相和真理需要更多的渴求者去挖掘、公民的责任感和思考的主动性,然而当下,虚无主义和小心翼翼正在中国加速扩张。

美国评论人士对美国的未来持续悲观,但我不会担心一群积极思考的人会做出错误的判断,民主也许是脆弱的,但思考能很好的维护它。威权也许是强大的,而缺乏思考所造成的灾难只会协助独裁者巩固权力。卧在社交网络舒适的大沙发上绝不是抗争的姿态。

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