巴西:“社媒之国”与“网络不平等”
文/Melody Patry
巴西,除了迷人的桑巴和的足球,它还拥有世界上第二多的Facebook和Twitter用户——分别为六千五百万和四千一百二十万,是不折不扣的“社交媒体之国”。随着智能手机变得越来越平价,网络连接也在不断改进,预计用户数量近年还会增加三千八百万。互联网使得数百万计的巴西人享受着在网上表达观点的自由,然而却存在着广泛的“网络不平等”。不同人群对网络的使用反映着巴西社会内部巨大的经济差距。
互联网与贫富差距
巴西是拥有世界第五大网络覆盖面积。在巴西,有一亿零五百万人可以在各类环境下(家,工作场所,远程学习中心,咖啡馆,学校等)使用网络,这占到全国人口的52%。由于互联网在巴西的普及和手机上网功能的开发,人们可以相对自由的表达观点。互联网的存在说明了有机会改善巴西日益严重的社会分化,弥补经济缺口,尤其是在教育,信息资源和言论自由方面。有专家指出,应将互联网作为发展工具,改善贫困﹑歧视和文盲的现象。不过,国家需要先解决那些有上网条件和无上网条件两个群体的差异。
据巴西信息交流技术学习中心(Cetic)报道,如果将人群按照收入不同分成ABCDE五个类别,97%的高收入人群(A等)家里都有互联网,而这个百分比在低收入人群里直跌至6%。然而,低收入人群(D等和E等)却占全国人口的75%。A等人群和D-E等人群的差距不言自明,但这并不是阻碍互联网使用率的唯一原因。巴西信息科学技术学院的一项研究表明,不同种族,不同宗教信仰以及不同教育水平的群体使用互联网的程度也有显著的差异。鉴于这些论证涉及到了数字区划和社会不平等之间的紧密关系,巴西需要把“数字接入”,也就是“人们有条件使用互联网”,作为评判巴西经济和社会融入的先决条件。
“拥有宽带是你的正当权利”
社会经济的差距阻碍了网络使用的普及,因此巴西政府着于向经济弱势群体提供电脑技术支持。例如,“数字城”项目由政府的通讯部门于2011年设立,旨在提供全面的宽带通讯设施和互联网接口,以满足市民﹑商业和公共机构的需求。它选取了80个城市作为试点,在试点地区人口密集的地方设立免费的开放网络端口。这个项目还参与建设远程学习中心,及公共建筑内的网络。
除此之外,巴西在普及网络上的另一个挑战是广阔的国土面积。巴西的国土面积大约占据了整个南美洲的一半。2010年巴西政府建立了国家宽带计划(PNLB),尝试以在全国范围安装光缆的方式来确保低收入人群的宽带使用。然而,这个国家网络计划只涵盖了巴西利亚和25个州的首府,而忽略了北部地区。这种不均衡分配的结果是一场名为“拥有宽带是你的正当权利”的运动,要求全国范围内的宽带服务,缩小数字划分。确实,有些人住在偏远地区,地理限制使得他们到市区的交通和邮政系统都很落后,而宽带上网,成为了他们和外界联系的唯一途径。他们唯一拥有的“地址”就是他们的电子邮件地址。这一点对于生活在城市穷困地区(比如里约热内卢的贫民窟)的人也是如此。
“拥有宽带是你的正当权利”运动的提议之一,就是敦促原国家垄断运营商Telebras提供全面覆盖的宽带网络,使得大部偏远地区的人们也可以上网。但由于该提议的失败,这个运动的重心转移到了宽带连接质量标准化上,比如有保证的下载和上载速度、稳定的连接、合理的价格。
全球社会媒体之都
在巴西,有23.3%的人用手机上网。到2013年年中,巴西拥有拉丁美洲最大的手机市场。新闻机构Reuters预测,到2013年末,巴西将占有全球第五大智能手机市场。智能手机用户的激增,使得那些在家无法使用宽带的人也能使用互联网。这也为在全国范围覆盖宽带的难题提供了间接的解决方法。然而,尽管巴西的手机市场在过去的6年里翻了一番,一个人口两亿的国家已经有了两亿七千二百万个接口,但是网络投资并未跟上脚步。移动网络尚未完善,移动数据就已经过度透支,很可能会导致世界杯时电力中断。
预计到2014年底,三千八百万巴西人能够通过手机上网。网络通道的加宽,也推动了合理规划的进行。公民网络框架(Macro Civil da Internet)谈及了隐私权,但是却在数据保留和政府数据使用上留有一些灰色地带。
公民网络框架的第四条倡议“人人都有使用互联网的权利”,第二十七条主张“公众发起的对数字信息和将网络作为社会工具的推进,应遵循:
1. 提倡数字融入;
2. 致力减少差异,尤其是不同地区在使用信息和通讯技术上的差异”。
关于是否采用公民网络框架的争论引起了人们对于互联网权利的重视,互联网权利成为了一个热门话题。巴西网络用户的增加也会造成对隐私需求的增加,并可能引起更多关于网上言论自由和网络犯罪的辩论。人们对于媒体自由和言论自由的需求程度将取决于网络内外自由的辩论。
经授权编译自Index on Censorship ,原文链接 Brazil: Digital access and inclusion
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